WASHINGTON — The International Monetary Fund warned on Wednesday that the global economy faces an even deeper downturn than it previously projected as the coronavirus pandemic continues to sow uncertainty and businesses around the world struggle to operate amid the virus.
The forecast underscores the scale of the task that policymakers are facing as they try to dig out from what the I.M.F. has described as the most severe economic contraction since the Great Depression. Even as countries begin reopening their economies, it is increasingly evident that the recovery will be uneven and protracted as cases continue to surge and consumers remain wary of resuming normal activity.
More than 35,000 new coronavirus cases were identified across the United States on Tuesday, according to a New York Times database, the highest single-day total since late April and the third-highest total of any day of the pandemic. Other countries are also experiencing surges in new cases, complicating plans to reopen the global economy.
In an update to its World Economic Outlook, the I.M.F. said it expected the global economy to shrink 4.9 percent this year — a sharper contraction than the 3 percent it predicted in April.
The fund noted that, even as businesses began to reopen, voluntary social distancing and enhanced workplace safety standards were weighing on economic activity. Moreover, the “scarring” of the labor force from mass job cuts and business closures means that the world economy will recover much more slowly, with the I.M.F. projecting 5.4 percent global growth in 2021, far below its pre-pandemic projections.
Overall, the I.M.F. expects that the cumulative loss of total output for the global economy this year and next year will top $12 trillion.
“We are definitely not out of the woods,” said Gita Gopinath, director of the I.M.F.’s research department. “This is a crisis like no other and will have a recovery like no other.”
The I.M.F. forecast is more grim than global projections outlined earlier this month by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. And its U.S. forecast for 2020 is also less optimistic than what the Congressional Budget Office and the Federal Reserve have projected.
The I.M.F. now projects that the U.S. economy will shrink 8 percent this year before expanding 4.5 percent next year.
The Fed in June projected a particularly sharp economic hit in 2020, with officials expecting output to contract by 6.5 percent at the end of this year compared to the final quarter of 2019, before rebounding by 5 percent in 2021. A May report from the C.B.O. forecast a 5.6 percent contraction in the United States this year.
Ms. Gopinath said in a news briefing that the world was facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. However, she said that the depth and duration of the economic collapse were not expected to be as severe, given the strength of the economy going into the crisis and the relative stability of the financial system.
The path of the recovery remains difficult to track, she added, noting that much will depend on the development of a vaccine or cure for the coronavirus pandemic or whether future waves create the need for additional lockdowns.
The pandemic has not spared advanced or developing economies. Economies in the eurozone are projected to shrink 10.2 percent this year and expand 6 percent next year. In China, where the virus originated and which imposed draconian containment measures, the economy is expected to expand 1 percent this year and 8.2 percent in 2021.
While most economists and central banks are forecasting a painful path ahead, the Trump administration continues to suggest a more bullish outlook for the U.S. economy.
Larry Kudlow, the director of the National Economic Council, said Tuesday that he expected a V-shaped recovery, meaning a sharp, steady economic uptick on the heels of recession. And Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he could foresee the recession being over in the United States by the end of the year.
“I think you’re going to see a spectacular rebound off the bottom in the third quarter,” Mr. Mnuchin said a virtual conference sponsored by Bloomberg on Tuesday.
Still, protracted economic pain could increase pressure on the Trump administration and U.S. lawmakers to move forward with another round of stimulus measures. House Democrats want a $3 trillion economic support package, but Republicans are increasingly wary of the long term impact of such spending on the deficit. Mr. Mnuchin said this week that future measures should be more targeted to help industries that have been hit hardest by the pandemic. President Trump has suggested he would be open to another round of stimulus checks, which could land in peoples’ bank accounts just ahead of the November election.
The I.M.F. cautioned that its forecast was more uncertain than usual because the trajectory of the pandemic remained hard to predict. It praised robust fiscal and monetary policy responses around the globe for helping to contain the economic fallout, but warned that mounting debt could constrain additional support as governments began to worry about ballooning deficits.
The I.M.F report notes that, even in countries where infection rates are declining, major obstacles to a resumption of normal activity persist. Travel and mobility remain depressed, and the virus has dealt a blow to consumption and business investment.
“In most recessions, consumers dig into their savings or rely on social safety nets and family support to smooth spending, and consumption is affected relatively less than investment,” the I.M.F. said. “But this time, consumption and services output have also dropped markedly.”
The pandemic has also curtailed the flow of global trade, which the fund estimated had contracted 3.5 percent in the first quarter from a year earlier.
That is in line with an estimate by the World Trade Organization, which said Tuesday that global trade had fallen sharply in the first half of the year. On the brighter side, that trajectory did not seem quite as bad as the group had previously projected.
Trade in goods shrank 3 percent year on year in the first quarter, while initial estimates indicate that it fell 18.5 percent in the second quarter, the steepest decline on record. But those declines could have been much worse, the organization said. Trade needs to grow only modestly for the rest of the year to meet the organization’s more optimistic outlook of a 13 percent contraction in 2020, versus a more pessimistic potential decline of 32 percent.
Roberto Azevêdo, the director general of the World Trade Organization, called the development a “silver lining” but said governments needed to be on guard and continue to stimulate the economy.
“This is genuinely positive news, but we cannot afford to be complacent,” he said.
Ana Swanson contributed reporting.