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{"id":60610,"date":"2020-07-22T16:21:47","date_gmt":"2020-07-22T16:21:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/virusreports.net\/trumps-new-immigration-and-census-policy-is-an-unconstitutional-reading-of-the-14th-amendment\/"},"modified":"2020-07-22T16:21:47","modified_gmt":"2020-07-22T16:21:47","slug":"trumps-new-immigration-and-census-policy-is-an-unconstitutional-reading-of-the-14th-amendment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/virusreports.net\/trumps-new-immigration-and-census-policy-is-an-unconstitutional-reading-of-the-14th-amendment\/","title":{"rendered":"Trump\u2019s new immigration and census policy is an unconstitutional reading of the 14th Amendment"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<p id=\"jkizCx\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/constitution\/amendmentxiv\">14th Amendment<\/a> to the Constitution provides that \u201crepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed.\u201d <\/p>\n<p id=\"UPLdZ3\">This text is unambiguous. With a narrow exception for some Native Americans, all persons within the United States must be counted in the decennial census. And all persons must be counted when representation is allocated to states in the House of Representatives.<\/p>\n<p id=\"x88Kja\">Nevertheless, on Tuesday, President Trump released an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/presidential-actions\/memorandum-excluding-illegal-aliens-apportionment-base-following-2020-census\/\">extraordinary memorandum<\/a> suggesting that he gets to decide who counts as a \u201cperson\u201d \u2014 and that undocumented immigrants do not qualify.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Nz0Xdu\">The memo concerns who should be counted when representatives are allocated to states following the 2020 census. Trump claims that \u201cfor the purpose of the reapportionment of Representatives following the 2020 census, it is the policy of the United States to exclude from the apportionment base aliens who are not in a lawful immigration status.\u201d Thus, if Trump\u2019s view were to prevail \u2014 a view that is at odds with the explicit text of the Constitution \u2014 undocumented immigrants would not be counted.<\/p>\n<p id=\"hQ44ZJ\">The implications of this unconstitutional policy are significant. An estimated 10.6 million undocumented immigrants live in the United States, but they are not distributed evenly among the states. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/18\/us\/coronavirus-undocumented-california.html\">Nearly 20 percent live in California<\/a>. If Trump succeeds in effectively voiding a provision of the 14th Amendment, the nation\u2019s largest blue state could potentially lose as many as three House seats.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"Uty99e\">Trump\u2019s memorandum rests on the thinnest legal justification<\/h3>\n<p id=\"8yL7Ed\">Trump cites a handful of sources to justify his attempt to neutralize a constitutional requirement, including a federal statute providing that \u201cthe President <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/2\/2a\">shall transmit to the Congress a statement<\/a> showing the whole number of persons in each State\u201d after the census is completed, and a Supreme Court decision indicating that this statute gives the president some discretionary authority over how the census is conducted.<\/p>\n<p id=\"I85tXy\">Citing the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_case?case=17648124652753755136&#038;hl=en&#038;as_sdt=6&#038;as_vis=1&#038;oi=scholarr\"><em>Franklin <\/em>v.<em> Massachusetts<\/em><\/a> (1992), Trump\u2019s memorandum argues that \u201cCongress has provided that it is \u2018the President\u2019s personal transmittal of the report to Congress\u2019 that \u2018settles the apportionment\u2019 of Representatives among the States, and the President\u2019s discretion to settle the apportionment is more than \u2018ceremonial or ministerial\u2019 and is essential \u2018to the integrity of the process.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"C9d3Om\">Trump is correct that <em>Franklin<\/em> reads federal law to give the president some authority over how the census is conducted. The president\u2019s \u201cduties\u201d with respect to the census, according to <em>Franklin<\/em>, \u201care not merely ceremonial or ministerial.\u201d Instead, the president may exercise \u201chis accustomed supervisory powers over his executive officers\u201d who conduct the census.<\/p>\n<p id=\"9kDEP9\">But the fact that Trump has some discretionary authority over census officials does not mean that he is free to violate the Constitution. Even if federal law did give Trump the power to ignore the 14th Amendment, that law would be unconstitutional.<\/p>\n<p id=\"HXt1Aa\">Nevertheless, without citing any legal authority whatsoever, Trump\u2019s memorandum claims that he should be allowed to determine what the 14th Amendment means.<\/p>\n<p id=\"8OLv4V\">\u201cAlthough the Constitution requires the \u2018persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed,\u2019 to be enumerated in the census,\u201d Trump claims, \u201cthat requirement has never been understood to include in the apportionment base every individual physically present within a State\u2019s boundaries at the time of the census.\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"Uwk2j0\">As Trump correctly notes, there are many people who may be present in the United States \u2014 tourists visiting from other nations, foreign diplomats, businesspeople, for example \u2014 who are not counted in the decennial census. \u201cThe term \u201cpersons in each State\u201d has been interpreted to mean that only the \u2018inhabitants\u2019 of each State should be included,\u201d Trump argues, and \u201cdetermining which persons should be considered \u2018inhabitants\u2019 for the purpose of apportionment requires the exercise of judgment.\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"5ycJZO\">But Trump claims that he is the one who gets to make this \u201cexercise of judgment,\u201d and that his judgment is effectively unlimited. Again, Trump cites no legal authority for the proposition that he can make this judgment, or for the proposition that an undocumented person who resides permanently within a state is not an \u201cinhabitant\u201d of that state. <\/p>\n<p id=\"SNkbLB\">As Aaron Reichlin-Melnick, policy counsel with the American Immigration Council, told me, \u201cthe average undocumented immigrant has been present in the United States for more than 15 years, according to Pew Research.\u201d It is, to say the least, an unusual reading of the word \u201cinhabitant\u201d to suggest that someone who has resided so long in one place is akin to a tourist.<\/p>\n<p id=\"ffh9Yo\">The Constitution itself does not consider immigration status when determining who counts as a \u201cperson\u201d for purposes of the 14th Amendment. According to Reichlin-Melnick, \u201cthe Supreme Court has made it clear that the term \u2018persons\u2019 in the 14th Amendment is not limited by citizenship status\u201d for more than a century.<\/p>\n<p id=\"EzYY2T\">The idea of an unlawfully present immigrant, moreover, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.thinkprogress.org\/there-are-not-two-sides-to-birthright-citizenship-67eb62c983d3\/\">simply did not exist<\/a> when the 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868. The first US law that sought to exclude some noncitizens from the United States was the Page Act of 1875, a racist law that sought to exclude Chinese women.<\/p>\n<p id=\"ekMFao\">The concept of an undocumented immigrant arose out of similar efforts to exclude Chinese nationals. According to Margaret Hu, an immigration law professor at Washington and Lee Law School, America created its first \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.thinkprogress.org\/there-are-not-two-sides-to-birthright-citizenship-67eb62c983d3\/\">document-based immigration system<\/a>\u201d as part of a broad effort to exclude Chinese persons from this country.<\/p>\n<p id=\"dDgunv\">But these racist policies did not become law until years after the 14th Amendment was ratified. And if Trump actually had the power to determine who counts as a person under the amendment, the implications of that power would be breathtaking. By this logic, Trump could potentially decree that younger voters, or Democrats, or anyone who has previously attended an Obama rally is not a \u201cperson\u201d for purposes of allocating House representation. <\/p>\n<p id=\"9M9arH\">After all, there\u2019s as much language in the Constitution supporting the proposition that Obama supporters are not \u201cpersons\u201d as there is language suggesting that undocumented immigrants do not count.<\/p>\n<hr id=\"qyMSxK\"><\/hr>\n<p id=\"DdEUmD\"><strong>Support Vox\u2019s explanatory journalism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"RBRwjt\">Every day at Vox, we aim to answer your most important questions and provide you, and our audience around the world, with information that has the power to save lives. Our mission has never been more vital than it is in this moment: to empower you through understanding. Vox\u2019s work is reaching more people than ever, but our distinctive brand of explanatory journalism takes resources \u2014 particularly during a pandemic and an economic downturn. Your financial contribution will not constitute a donation, but it will enable our staff to continue to offer free articles, videos, and podcasts at the quality and volume that this moment requires. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/pages\/support-now\">Please consider making a contribution to Vox today<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2020\/7\/22\/21332879\/trump-immigration-census-unconstitutional-supreme-court-constitution-14th-amendment\" class=\"button purchase\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The 14th Amendment to the Constitution provides that \u201crepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed.\u201d This text is unambiguous. With a narrow exception for some Native Americans, all persons within the United States must be counted&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":60611,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[1478,90],"class_list":{"0":"post-60610","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-news","8":"tag-immigration","9":"tag-trump"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Trump\u2019s new immigration and census policy is an unconstitutional reading of the 14th Amendment - Virus Reports<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/virusreports.net\/trumps-new-immigration-and-census-policy-is-an-unconstitutional-reading-of-the-14th-amendment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Trump\u2019s new immigration and census policy is an unconstitutional reading of the 14th Amendment - Virus Reports\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The 14th Amendment to the Constitution provides that \u201crepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed.\u201d This text is unambiguous. 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