3 Africans in Mexico City Grave Tell Stories of Slavery\u2019s Toll - Virus Reports<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"3 Africans in Mexico City Grave Tell Stories of Slavery\u2019s Toll - Virus Reports\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The men might have been among the earliest to be stolen from their homeland and brought to the Americas.The skulls and modified teeth of three people taken from Africa and buried hundreds of years ago in a mass grave in Mexico City.Credit...R. Barquera & N. BernalMay 1, 2020, 5:00 a.m. ETThe three skulls were unlike…\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Virus Reports\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-05-01T15:44:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com\/virusreports\/2020\/05\/25772\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1050\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"550\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/virusreports.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b4d9935a5c761848b065a92393ecc319\"},\"headline\":\"3 Africans in Mexico City Grave Tell Stories of Slavery\u2019s Toll\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-05-01T15:44:56+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/\"},\"wordCount\":949,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/virusreports.net\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com\/virusreports\/2020\/05\/25772\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africans\",\"Mexico\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Health\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/\",\"name\":\"3 Africans in Mexico City Grave Tell Stories of Slavery\u2019s Toll - 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The men might have been among the earliest to be stolen from their homeland and brought to the Americas.<\/p>\n

The skulls and modified teeth of three people taken from Africa and buried hundreds of years ago in a mass grave in Mexico City.<\/span>Credit…<\/span>R. Barquera & N. Bernal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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$\"Nicholas$ <\/img><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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May 1, 2020, 5:00 a.m. ET<\/span><\/time><\/li>\n
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The three skulls were unlike hundreds of others in the 16th-century mass grave uncovered at the San Jos\u00e9 de los Naturales Royal Hospital in Mexico City. Their front teeth were filed decoratively, perhaps as a ritual custom, unlike those of \u201clos naturales,\u201d the Indigenous people who made up the majority of bodies at the colonial burial site. Archaeologists concluded the three individuals were most likely enslaved Africans, but they needed more evidence to be certain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\u201cWe studied their whole skeletons, and we wanted to know what they were suffering from, not only the diseases but the physical abuse too so we could tell their stories,\u201d said Rodrigo Barquera, a graduate student<\/a> at the Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<\/a> in Germany. \u201cIt has implications in the whole story of the colonial period of Mexico.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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The findings, published Thursday in Current Biology<\/a>, offer a glimpse into these people\u2019s lives before their forced voyages and add insight into the infectious diseases that the trans-Atlantic slave trade may have brought into the New World.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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In 1518, King Charles I of Spain, authorized the direct transportation of enslaved people from Africa to the Americas. In 1542, he enacted Las Leyes Nuevas, \u201cThe New Laws,\u201d which prohibited the colonists in the Viceroyalty of New Spain from using Indigenous people as slaves. The law liberated thousands of Indigenous laborers, but increased the demand for enslaved Africans, Creoles, mulattoes and other African-descended people to work as servants, cooks, miners and field workers. Between 1518 and 1650, some 120,000 enslaved Africans<\/a> arrived in what is now Mexico.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Spanish colonists already demanded these groups because they believed they fared well against diseases brought over from Europe such as smallpox, measles and typhoid fever, which \u2014 along with the brutal European conquest \u2014 had nearly eliminated the Indigenous population.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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The San Jos\u00e9 de los Naturales Royal Hospital<\/a> was created around 1530 to serve exclusively Indigenous patients, many of whom were dying in smallpox outbreaks. The three Africans were also treated there. When they died, they were buried alongside the Indigenous people. Perhaps all were victims of an epidemic, Mr. Barquera said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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The three individuals\u2019 remains were recovered in 1992 during construction of a new subway in the city. Archaeologists noticed their teeth had decorative filings, which were observed in enslaved Africans in Portugal<\/a>, and the practice continues today in<\/a> some sub-Saharan ethnic groups. That led the researchers to suggest the individuals were Africans.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\u201cWe don\u2019t know exactly if they were \u2018negros esclavos\u2019 or \u2018negros libre,\u2019\u201d said Lourdes M\u00e1rquez Morf\u00edn, an archaeologist<\/a> at the National School of Anthropology and History in Mexico City, referring to the distinction then made between slaves or freemen. But the trauma etched in their skeletons suggests they were slaves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\u201cOne had these gunshots,\u201d said Mr. Barquera, referring to five pieces of buckshot in the man\u2019s chest cavity. \u201cYou could see that the bone was stained with a copper greenish pigment because the bullets stayed in the body of this individual until he was dead.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Some of the men showed signs of nutritional deficiencies, skull and leg fractures and shoulder deformities, suggesting they performed backbreaking work and suffered harsh physical abuse. The men all died between the ages of 25 and 35.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Mr. Barquera and his team removed a molar from each of the three skulls to extract and analyze their DNA. The genetic signatures obtained from the molars showed the three men had their origins in Western or Southern Africa. They also found isotopes on the teeth that further indicated they were all born and grew up outside of Mexico.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\u201cIt was hypothesized that maybe they were descendants of Africans and Native Americans or Africans and Europeans, but that\u2019s not the case,\u201d said Mr. Barquera.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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The team also sequenced the genome of pathogens recovered from the skeletal remains. One of the men was afflicted with the virus that causes hepatitis B<\/a>, and another had a bacterium that causes the skin infection yaws<\/a>, a disease similar to syphilis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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The findings provide some of the earliest known examples of those pathogens in human remains in the Americas, as well as the first direct evidence from the early colonial period that pathogens from Africa may have been brought to the Americas, said Johannes Krause <\/a>of Max-Planck and Mr. Barquera\u2019s co-author. Mr. Krause added it is possible the men caught the diseases while on the overcrowded transoceanic voyages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\u201cWe are always so focused on the introduction of diseases from the Europeans and the Spaniards,\u201d Dr. Krause said, \u201cthat I think we underestimated also how much the slave trade and the forceful migration from Africa to the Americas contributed also to the spread of infectious diseases to the New World.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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The paper \u201cdoes a really nice job of putting together archaeological, osteological, molecular and isotope data to provide insight into the lives of early colonial \u2014 likely enslaved Africans,\u201d said Anne Stone, an anthropological geneticist<\/a> at Arizona State University who was not involved in the research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Hannes Schroeder, an archaeologist<\/a> from the University of Copenhagen said the study\u2019s multiple lines of evidence \u201cpaint a very detailed picture of the lives of these individuals, their origins and experiences in the Americas, that reminds us once again of the cruelty of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the biological impact it had on individuals and populations in the New World.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n
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The men might have been among the earliest to be stolen from their homeland and brought to the Americas.The skulls and modified teeth of three people taken from Africa and buried hundreds of years ago in a mass grave in Mexico City.Credit…R. Barquera & N. BernalMay 1, 2020, 5:00 a.m. ETThe three skulls were unlike…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25773,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[2909,1665],"class_list":{"0":"post-25772","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-health","8":"tag-africans","9":"tag-mexico"},"yoast_head":"\n3 Africans in Mexico City Grave Tell Stories of Slavery\u2019s Toll - Virus Reports<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/3-africans-in-mexico-city-grave-tell-stories-of-slaverys-toll\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"3 Africans in Mexico City Grave Tell Stories of Slavery\u2019s Toll - Virus Reports\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The men might have been among the earliest to be stolen from their homeland and brought to the Americas.The skulls and modified teeth of three people taken from Africa and buried hundreds of years ago in a mass grave in Mexico City.Credit...R. 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