{"id":51629,"date":"2020-07-03T05:20:58","date_gmt":"2020-07-03T05:20:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/virusreports.net\/what-role-does-air-conditioning-play-in-the-spread-of-covid-19\/"},"modified":"2020-07-03T05:20:58","modified_gmt":"2020-07-03T05:20:58","slug":"what-role-does-air-conditioning-play-in-the-spread-of-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/what-role-does-air-conditioning-play-in-the-spread-of-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"What Role Does Air Conditioning Play in the Spread of COVID-19?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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As governments fight the COVID-19 pandemic, Snopes is fighting<\/a><\/strong> an \u201cinfodemic\u201d of rumors and misinformation, and you can help. Read<\/a><\/strong> our coronavirus fact checks. Submit<\/a><\/strong> any questionable rumors and \u201cadvice\u201d you encounter. Become a Founding Member<\/a><\/strong> to help us hire more fact-checkers. And, please, follow the CDC<\/a><\/strong> or WHO<\/a><\/strong> for guidance on protecting your community from the disease.
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On June 26, 2020, NBC ran a story<\/a> that raised the possibility that air conditioning (AC) could spread the COVID-19 coronavirus disease. The question is of central importance as businesses and public health officials seek safe ways to reopen aspects of the economy. It is also, sadly, a question that lacks an easy or actionable answer, and one that reveals the limits of our understanding about how, when, and where COVID-19 spreads.<\/p>\n

NBC News highlighted comments from New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, who said<\/a> in a June 24 press conference that, \u201cThere\u2019s some reports \u2026 that air conditioning may not be cleansing the air of the virus, just recirculating the air with the virus \u2026 We\u2019re studying that, and as soon as we get some more information, we\u2019ll make an informed decision.\u201d<\/p>\n

NBC\u2019s reporting also highlighted an April 2020 study<\/a> published in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) journal Emerging Infection Diseases that raised the possibility of a case of COVID transmission linked to air conditioning at a Hong Kong restaurant. In broad brush strokes, the authors of the study reasoned that an outbreak that saw COVID-19 (also known as SARS-CoV-2) spread from one family to three other families in an air-conditioned restaurant could only have happened if \u201cstrong airflow from the air conditioner \u2026 propagated droplets.\u201d<\/p>\n

Most experts cited in the NBC report<\/a>, including infectious disease physician Amesh Adalja from Johns Hopkins\u2019 Center for Health Security and virologist and NBC contributor Joseph Fair, were skeptical. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, an \u201cOrganization dedicated to advancing the arts and sciences of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world,\u201d released a statement<\/a> arguing that, \u201cVentilation and filtration provided by heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems can reduce the airborne concentration of SARS-CoV-2 and thus the risk of transmission through the air.\u201d<\/p>\n

Understanding the range of opinions on the issue of COVID-19 and air conditioning requires an understanding of the physical dynamics of aerosol transmission. It is conceivable that air conditioners facilitate the spread of COVID-19 by transporting viral droplets from one point to another, but it is also conceivable that air conditioning could reduce the risk by replacing and diluting the air in an infected space. One thing that is for sure, however, is that no amount of modifications to an indoor space can possibly match the comparative safety of an outdoor space in terms of airborne transmission of COVID.<\/p>\n

COVID-19 and Airborne Transmission<\/h2>\n

Broadly speaking, three categories<\/a> cover possible human-to-human COVID-19 transmission: \u201cdroplet transmission\u201d in which large droplets are expelled from an infected individual \u201cwith sufficient momentum so as to directly impact the recipients\u2019 mouth, nose or\u201d eyes; \u201ccontact transmission\u201d that occurs when those large droplets fall onto a surface that is subsequently touched by a recipient who then physically brings viral particles to his or her own respiratory system by touching the face; and what is known as \u201cairborne transmission.\u201d Six feet social distancing and regular hand washing \u2014 practices heavily promoted in the early days of the pandemic \u2014 are designed to reduce the risk of droplet transmission and contact transmission, respectively. Masks also effectively reduce<\/a> the travel distance of these larger droplet particles.<\/p>\n

As opposed to the other two routes that involve \u201cdroplets\u201d that are large enough to fall to the ground under the influence of gravity, the airborne route involves \u201caerosols\u201d that are particles small enough to remain buoyant in the air. These broad classes are not mutually exclusive, Rajat Mittal<\/a>, a professor at Johns Hopkins University with joint appointments in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the School of Medicine, told us in a phone interview.<\/p>\n

In the COVID-19 literature<\/a>, the distinction between droplet and aerosol is generally placed at 5 microns. \u201cFrom a functional point of view,\u201d Mittal told us, \u201cany droplet that doesn\u2019t fall directly onto the ground under the influence of gravity [which] can be suspended in the air and moved by the air [is] in some sense \u2026 an aerosol. Some of those particles could be larger than 5 microns.\u201d<\/p>\n

Scientists are increasingly confident that aerosol transmission may be an important if not the most important mode of human-to-human COVID-19 transfer. \u201cAs a scientist and as somebody who works in fluid dynamics,\u201d Mittal told us, \u201cthere is overwhelming evidence that the airborne transmission route is what\u2019s primarily responsible for this pandemic.\u201d A June 2020<\/a> perspectives piece published in the journal Science, which cited experimental work performed by Mittal and his colleagues, supports this conclusion as well:<\/p>\n

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Recent studies have shown that in addition to droplets, SARS-CoV-2 may also be transmitted through aerosols. A study in hospitals in Wuhan, China, found SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols further than 6 feet from patients, with higher concentrations detected in more crowded areas. Estimates using an average sputum viral load for SARS-CoV-2 indicate that 1 min of loud speaking could generate >1000 virion-containing aerosols.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

A study<\/a> by a separate research group, also published in June 2020, found that SARS-CoV-2-containing aerosols could maintain infectivity for up to 16 hours, \u201cthat SARS-CoV-2 is resilient in aerosol form,\u201d and that \u201caerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be a more important exposure transmission pathway than previously considered.\u201d How these aerosols behave in indoor and outdoor settings gets at the heart of questions about the possible role air conditioning plays in spreading COVID-19.<\/p>\n

Indoor Versus Outdoor Aerosols<\/h2>\n

\u201cEverything starts off with droplets coming out of an infected person\u2019s mouth and nose,\u201d Mittal told us. The air exhaled from a human\u2019s body is generally warmer than the ambient air in the environment, and as a result that air and the aerosol particles contained within it will rise. In outdoor settings, \u201cair currents tend to dilute the concentration of the virus carrying aerosols in the air significantly \u2026 as your breath carries these aerosols upwards, it immediately mixes with the ambient flows and kind of gets diluted and carried away.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hot air also rises in indoor settings. Here, however, the aerosols have limited opportunities to dissipate. Instead, they will rise to the ceiling and increase in concentration. Some particles will dry out<\/a> and inactivate, but some of these potentially infective particles \u201cmay remain suspended<\/a> in the air for hours.\u201d The fate of these particles is hard, if not impossible, to predict. In his paper<\/a> published in the Journal of Fluid Dynamics, Mittal and colleagues argued that \u201cindoor environments such as homes, offices, malls, aircraft and public transport vehicles pose a particular challenge for disease transmission.\u201d<\/p>\n

Air Conditioning and COVID-19 Transmission<\/h2>\n

The argument made in the April 2020 paper<\/a> regarding a Hong Kong restaurant\u2019s air conditioning was made by assuming the only plausible route of transmission was droplet transmission:<\/p>\n

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Virus transmission in this [Hong Kong restaurant] outbreak cannot be explained by droplet transmission alone. Larger respiratory droplets remain in the air for only a short time and travel only short distances, generally <1 m. The distances between patient A1 and persons at other tables, especially those at table C, were all >1 m. However, strong airflow from the air conditioner could have propagated droplets from table C to table A, then to table B, and then back to table C.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

This analysis does not consider aerosols, which potentially remain in the air for hours and migrate with or without the flow of an AC. Even the movement of people walking into and out of the restaurant could affect its movement, Mittal told us. This was an explicit limitation of the Hong Kong study. \u201cOur study has limitations,\u201d the authors wrote. <\/a>\u201cWe did not conduct an experimental study simulating the airborne transmission route.\u201d Part of the problem, as highlighted in the Journal of Fluid Dynamics, is the complexity of airflow in indoor environments:<\/p>\n

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Indoor spaces can have extremely complex flows, due not only due to the presence of recirculatory flows driven by ventilation systems but also to anthropogenic thermally driven flow effects. COVID-19 transmission from asymptomatic hosts makes it more critical than ever that we develop methods of analysis that provide better prediction of these effects.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Air conditioning, outside of a hospital setting, is not designed to cleanse the air of viral aerosols. Some systems may effectively reduce risk by diluting and replacing air similar to an outdoor setting, but others may exacerbate it, Mittal told us. The efficacy of air conditioning in this regard would depend on how rapidly the system replaced the air in a space and into what location it vents the exhaust materials. \u201cThe air conditioning in my house,\u201d he said, does replace inside air with outside air, \u201cbut it\u2019s also replacing the air in one room by the air in another room. So that\u2019s not a complete replacement, that\u2019s just displacement of air.\u201d Theoretically, such a displacement could lead to an airborne transmission from an infected person to someone else \u201cdownwind\u201d of the air currents.<\/p>\n

These questions are nearly impossible to study in real time, and can only be analyzed via limited case studies like the Hong Kong restaurant. As a result, in Mittal\u2019s view, the question about air conditioning and COVID-19 spread is problematic. \u201cYou can only pose the question in terms of overall improvement in safety, Mittal said. \u201cYou can ask the question, \u2018if a person was sitting in that particular corner of the room is their chance going up or down,\u2019 but that becomes a much tougher question [and] maybe not a relevant question.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cI think in general, air conditioning with good replacement rates should help, but \u2026 one has to get into a little bit more detail of understanding what kind of air currents are being set up,\u201d\u00a0 Mittal told us.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As governments fight the COVID-19 pandemic, Snopes is fighting an \u201cinfodemic\u201d of rumors and misinformation, and you can help. Read our coronavirus fact checks. Submit any questionable rumors and \u201cadvice\u201d you encounter. Become a Founding Member to help us hire more fact-checkers. And, please, follow the CDC or WHO for guidance on protecting your community…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":51630,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[1944,616],"class_list":{"0":"post-51629","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-health","8":"tag-conditioning","9":"tag-spread"},"yoast_head":"\nWhat Role Does Air Conditioning Play in the Spread of COVID-19? - Virus Reports<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/virusreports.net\/what-role-does-air-conditioning-play-in-the-spread-of-covid-19\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Role Does Air Conditioning Play in the Spread of COVID-19? - Virus Reports\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As governments fight the COVID-19 pandemic, Snopes is fighting an \u201cinfodemic\u201d of rumors and misinformation, and you can help. 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